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"(The Japanese) whose skull pattern being less developed than that of the Caucasians, might be responsible for their aggressive behavior." Franklin Delano Roosevelt, (1942) (Geoffrey S. Smith, "Racial Nativism and Origins of Japanese American Relocation" in: Ed. by Roger Daniels, Sandra Taylor, and Harry Kitano; Japanese Americans, from Relocation to Redress; University of Utah Press; Salt Lake City, Utah; © 1986; 79-85.)  |
 WWII Propaganda: The Influence of Racism A Psychohistorical Analysisof the Japanese American Internment By Alison Dundes Renteln, Human Rights Quarterly 17.4 (1995) 618-648 Interned Minds: Issues of Historical Interpretation in Michelle Malkin's In Defense of Internmentby R. Paul Lege, PhD Candidate, University of Phoenix American Justice on TrialBy Geoff Lillich, glillich@vcnet.com, Oxnard Union High School District
"How could such a tragedy have occurred The decision to relocate Japanese Americans raises many compelling questions about the workings of American justice during crisis periods such as World War II. The matter becomes particularly intriguing when considered in light of the fact that, through the entire war, no Japanese American citizen was ever convicted of spying for Japan. Nobody can deny the hardships and humiliations suffered by Japanese Americans as a result of the government's extreme actions; however, a complete explanation of events surrounding this controversial episode must also account for the wartime context in which they occurred. America's war against Japan began with the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and was still being waged in full force when Roosevelt made his fateful decision regarding Japanese Americans in February of 1942. Roosevelt's top priority was winning the war, a view that was shared by an overwhelming majority of Americans. We must remember that the U.S. citizenry, along with those of other allied countries, had every reason to be fearful of Japan because of its military sucesses against us and its alliance with Germany and the other axis powers. This concern prompted Roosevelt to defer to military leaders on an issue which normally would have been decided within the Justice Department. Indeed, the issue of Japanese American internment gave rise to an intense debate that pitted top military men against leaders of the Justice Department who voiced their opposition to the relocation plan in strong terms.  Restricted and Prohibited Military Zones in the U.S. (Map) Assembly, Relocation and Internment Centers in the U.S. (Map)Japanese American InternmentLife in Relocation CampsWar Relocation Authority Camps in Arizona, 1942-1946Japanese Americans in World War II442nd Go for Broke |
American Minorities - Final Exam
California Polytechnic State University,Social Sciences Department, Soc 3l6 American Minorities Dr.Barbara Mori, Study Questions for the Final Exam "(5) The internment of Japanese-Americans during WWII is said to be a constitutional crisis. What aspects of the constitution are threatened? Discuss the internment and the Korematsu, Hirabayashi and Yasui cases in terms of the protections of the constitution and the influence of racism." |
 Nice photos for the future
The System of Arrest and Internment of Civilians in World War One
Legal documents relating to Civilian Internment
Executive Order 9066
The attack of Pearl Harbor opened the flood gates for an attack on Japanese living in America. For years, the Japanese in America had been the target of discrimination. The 1913 Alien Land Law was designed to prevent Japanese from owning land, . . . Text of Executive Order No. 9066
Executive Order 9066 & the Residents of S.C. Co.
Relocation of Japanese-Americans
A computer documentary on the Japanese American internment prison. Contains pictures and discourse about the injustices that occurred there. War Relocation Authority Camps of Arizona
University of Arizona library presents a photo exhibit on life in Japanese American internment camps. Includes maps and links to other guides. Executive Order No. 9066Executive Order No. 9066 issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, which ordered the creation of internment camps and the relocation of Japanese Americans and Japanese immigrants. Japanese American Relocation Digital Archive (JARDA)
E.O. 9066 - World War II Internment in the U.S.
E.O. 9066 Bibliography and ReferencesOn Internment of Japanese enemy aliens and Japanese-Americans during WW II Proclamation 4417, Confirming the Termination of the Executive Order The Plight of Japanese Americans During World War II by Glendale H. Zell II Authorizing Japanese-American Internment During World War II Japanese American Internment Information Site This site presents information on pre-World War II and post-World War II conditions, the politics of internment, the 100th'442nd soldiers, and books on Internment. Maps of Japanese American Internment Camps Maps and diagrams of the Japanese American Internment Camps in the United States. Chronology of the Japanese American Internment A chronology of the internment of Japanese Americans from 1941-1989. |
Asian-Americans on the Web
Self-Study Unique to an Asian American Manzanar - America's Concentration Camp
Manzanar Project
Manzanar National Historic Site
From 1942-1945, in the frenzy and fear of WWII, Manzanar was used as an internment camp for over 10,000 Japanese Americans from Southern California. Water was once again made available and this desert area bloomed. The internees raised produce and brought the fruit
trees back to life. They fed the people in their camp and shipped the excess to other camps in the Western United States. 
Once a year, on the last Saturday in April, a delegation of Japanese Americans and others make a pilgrimage to Manzanar. A small ceremony is held to pay tribute to the internees and Japanese American veterans who fought in WWII.
442nd Go for Broke
A More Perfect Union:
Japanese Americans and the United States Constitution Arthur D. Jacobs and Joseph E. Fallon
on Internment
Chronology: Suspicion,
Arrest, and Internment What are Internment and Relocation?
An ominous aspect of of the "secrets"
of internment in the United States Fifth Amendment
Assembly Points for Internment
Born Free and Equal,
Ansel Adams Photographs Camp Harmony Newsletter
Exhibit on Japanese-American
Internment Camps Fedworld: search for text of Supreme Court Cases
General Information - Graphics.
Hirabayashi v. United States (320 U.S. 81)
Japanese American Exhibit and Access Project
Japanese American Incarceration Facts
Japanese American Internment
The Japanese-American Internment Camps The Japanese-American Internment
Japanese American Internment Camps
Japanese American Internment in Concentration Camps
Japanese American Internment On-Line Exhibit (1)
Japanese American Internment: Online Exhibit (2)
Japanese American Internment: Santa Clara Valley
Japanese American National Museum:
Curatorial Department Japanese American Network
Japanese American World War II Experience
Korematsu v. United States (319 U.S. 432)
The Latin American Connection--World War II Internment
 Map Showing the Locations of the Internment Camps
from the University of Arizona. (137 K) Materials Related to the Japanese American Incarceration
University of Washington Libraries
Manuscripts, Special Collections, University ArchivesMaterials Related to the Japanese American Incarceration
Yale University Library Microfilm Collections International Intergovernmental Organizations
Papers of the U.S. Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Part I, Numerical File Archive. (Frederick, MD: University Publications of America Inc., 1984)Microfilm, Government Documents and Information Center GUIDE: Papers of the U.S. Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. [GDC Ref. D769.8 A6 L47 1] Copyright © 1996 by Yale University Nikkei West: Northern California's Japanese American Community Newspaper San Francisco Museum Unofficial Nikkei Home Page
AV #84525 - Video Cassette - Unfinished Business: The Japanese American Internment Cases War Relocation Authority Camps in Arizona, 1942-1946
Ethnicity #3 Japanese-Americans
Internment of Japanese-Americans, , WWII Security Personnel, Jap-Amer Camps, WWII Military history: World War II (1939-1945) |
George Takei, best known by fans as the actor who played Mr. Sulu in Star Trek, recently undertook yet another epic journey. This time it was to the World War II internment camp where he spent three years with his family and thousands of other Japanese Americans who were deemed security risks by the U.S. government.
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Justice honored for dissent in internment case
HARBOR BEACH, Mich. (Associated Press) - Justice Frank Murphy of Michigan was among the dissenters when the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the imprisonment of Japanese Americans during World War II. The State Bar of Michigan dedicated a legal milestone Friday in memory of Murphy's dissent. 
See also:
Timeline Basic Readingsin U.S. Democracy For further reading: Peter Irons, Justice at War (1983); Morton Grodzins, Americans Betrayed: Politics and the Japanese Evacuations (1949); Commission on Wartime Relocation, Personal Justice Denied (1983). |
The 1944 high court ruling permitted the forced relocation of 112,000 U.S. residents of Japanese ancestry from their homes on the West Coast to government camps. Murphy disagreed that such internment was a military necessity, calling it "utterly revolting."
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Japanese American Internment Memorial
Japanese American Internment Memorial Location: East Plaza (located on South 2nd and San Carlos) Robert Peckham Federal Building 280 S. First Street San Jose, CA Fort Douglas Utah War Prison Barracks Three 1917-1920
Detailed Chronology of Events
at War Prison Barracks Three Documents and Newspaper articles
on Fort Douglas and civilian internment in World War One Excerpt from "Internment Camps in America, 1917-1920"
by William B. Glidden from Military Affairs magazine in 1973 Bibliography of Fort Douglas War Prison Barrack Three
and Alien Enemy Internment in the West 1917-1920  Map of the prison camp
Der Scheinwerfer Camp Newspaper
First Edition February 1919 #1 Camp Harmony Exhibit
Photographs & Drawings World War II (1939-1945) WWW Links
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